Marketing Essentials Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing Essentials - Assignment Example Subsequent to that, the Company developed and published ‘Modern Methods of Antiseptic Wound Treatment’ in the year of 1888. In the same year, the Company successfully innovated and launched the first commercial first aid kits. The Maternity kits were launched for the purpose of making childbirth safer in the year of 1894. Johnson & Johnson has strong credos that are inbuilt into the company’s business ideology. The first responsibility is to the nurses, patients, nurses, to fathers and mothers who use the company services and products. In addition to that, the Company maintains following standards: High Quality, Prompt service delivery, Equal opportunity for the suppliers, Individual attention to employees, Adequate and fair compensation and working conditions, Equal employment opportunities. Johnson & Johnson has no established mission or vision statement. However, the credos and values are considered to be serving the role of mission and vision statement for the company. Chapter 2 Analysis of company situation Source: (Johnson & Johnson annual report 2011). Johnson & Johnson performed well in the year of 2011. It produced adjusted earnings for the 28th consecutive year (Annual Report, 2011). In the year, the company’s aggregate sales were $ 65.0 billion adding an increase of 5.6 percent into the sales. Operationally, sales grew by 2.8 percent, representing the growing demand and strength of new products particularly in the pharmaceuticals business segment, science-based continuous innovations in the consumer business, steady and constant growth in the MD&D franchise and strong growth was recorded in the emerging markets (Annual Report, 2011). Up to 70 percent of sales were generated by products having No.1 or No.2 global market share positions. And approximately 25 percent of sales were generated through the products introduced in the past five years (Annual Report, 2011). Also, the company invested $ 7.5 billion in advanced robust pipelines and Research & Development across three of the main business segments. Due to this substantial investments in the R&D projects, the company generated considerable free cash flow of nearly & 11.4 billion. The consequent effect appeared in the shape of AAA credit ratings and consecutively increasing the dividend to shareholders for the last 49 years. Source: (Johnson & Johnson Annual Report, 2011). Chapter 3 Market situation The United States of America remains the biggest market for the personal care and health care products. The market situation in the United States indicates that there are more than 800 companies serving in the personal care and health industry and their collective annual revenues has been estimated around $ 38 billion (Hoovers, 2012). The major companies include Johnson & Johnson, Estee Lauder and Procter & Gamble. The research indicates that this industry is heavily concentrated and 85 percent of industry revenue is contributed by the 50 largest firms i n the personal care products (Hoovers, 2012). Top 5 Companies Source: Hoovers D&B Company The above graph highlights 5 leading companies in the personal and health care p

Village vs City Essay Example for Free

Village vs City Essay Introduction: Village life is the happiest compromise between the natural and the artificial. It is a merry game between man and nature. Hence, village life is the most natural life for the human beings. General description: see more:city life and village life paragraph The village is panorama of the charming scenes of nature. The scenery of the changing seasons has a profound effect on the village life. It brings a divine touch into human mind. Hence, the village life is full of divine beauty. Village life is plain and simple. Villagers are content with the necessities of life. They have no liking for luxury. They manage with a few pieces of clothes. They prefer the plain food. They discharge their social duties in the simplest manner possible. Villagers are mostly field-workers. They take to farming. Some of them are artisans. All of them follow the trade of their respective castes. They take to different callings of life. Some are priests, some are milkmen, some are oilmen, some are fishermen, some are washermen, some are barbers, some are drummers and so on. They are not rich and wealthy. But they have enough for their minimum requirements of life. The village people take part in fairs and festivals. The celebrations are quite plain and simple. They attend the folk dance and the open air dramas. But the aged of them do not attend the functions. They are happy with their house and harvest. The village people lead the life of plain living and high thinking. They think high, because they think in the terms of God and religon. The village temple maintains their social and moral upkeep. The village temple maintains their social and moral upkeep. The village deity is looked upon with awe and faith. Caste-customs are rigidly followed. Rust of remedy: We know that village people have few wants in life. They are content with what is endowed by nature around them. So, they do not like to make any progress. Consequently, the village life has gone rusty. Evils of ignorance and blind faiths have crept in. Un-education and epidemics are rampant. Now, it is our duty to find out a remedy to this state of affairs. Mass education and public health are the primary conditions for the improvement of the village life. Conclusion: It is said that country life is sweet. It is true no doubt. The greatest of the poets have sung the praise of it. Prophets, too have the greatest admiration for the village life. Great thinkers and philosophers have spent their invaluable lives in the countryside. Hence, village life is highly cherished, in all ages by every soulful man.

To what extent did the World’s Fair of 1893 impact the United States of

Background As of today, the city of Chicago is the third largest city in the United States, right behind New York and Los Angles. It is home to more 3 million people, but this was not always the case. When the city was created in 1833, it only "coveted less than half a square mile on either side of the main channel of the Chicago River and contained only 350 adventurous inhabitants, mostly male." (Abu-Lughod 49). As the years went on the city continued to grow and by 1870 its "economic base had evolved considerably" (51). However, the following year Chicago suffered a disaster that ultimately destroyed the city. This event is known as the Great Chicago Fire. The fire is said to have begun in a small farm owned by Catherine and Patrick O'Leary and lasted for 36 hours. The fire destroyed more than 18,000 buildings, leaving around 99,000 of the city’s residents homeless, and killed more than 300 people. Despite the destruction of almost the entire city, Chicago was able to rebuild and rees tablish itself as a place that offered opportunities, and a future. Although Chicago continued to grow rapidly, the US entered an economic depression in 1893. Luckily for the country, this was the very year that Chicago had been selected to host the 1893 World’s Fair, also known as the World’s Columbian Exposition. This fair gave not only the city of Chicago, but also the US, an opportunity to show the world what this nation was capable of creating and building. Introduction The World’s Fair of 1893 was set to commemorate the 400th year anniversary of Columbus’ voyage to America. When the top leaders in the US heard about the opportunity of hosting the fair, they quickly showed their interest. The main cities that showed interest were New York,... ...he building would not be designed the way they are now in the city. The fair allowed Chicago to be the great city it is today and have the magnificent downtown envied by many other cities. Work Cited Abu-Lughod, Janet L. New York, Chicago, Los Angeles: America's Global Cities. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1999. Print. Crandall, Abbey, and Daniel Green. "Chicago Inventions." Chicago World's Fair. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 May 2013. Maranzani, Barbara. "7 Things You May Not Know About the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 01 May 2013. Web. 27 May 2013. Rose, Julie K. "World's Columbian Exposition: Reactions to the Fair." World's Columbian Exposition: Reactions to the Fair. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 May 2013. Rydell, Robert W. "World's Columbian Exposition." World's Columbian Exposition. Encyclopedia of Chicago, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2013.

Everybody wants to be thin Essay examples -- essays research papers

Unfortunately, Americans today are obsessed with losing weight. Everybody wants to be thin! Everywhere I go, there’s someone counting calories, cutting "carbs", and running themselves to death on a treadmill. Dieting can be beneficial, when done properly and with discussion with a doctor. Sadly, some people fall into these bad habits when the desperation to lose weight has become tremendous. Everyone wants to lose way quickly and more importantly very easily. Therefore, any fad diet will become the new obsession of the fad dieter. This person will eat grapefruit for a week, and when her stomach can’t take it anymore; she’ll try a brand new, state-of-the-art, magic pill that will enable her body to shed ten pounds overnight. Even though the magic pill does not produce the desired weight loss, he or she never gives up hope. Once again, this dieter is lured by advertisements of instant spot reduction-liposuction. She crosses over the safety line into a danger zone of unknown procedures, performed by unqualified physicians. Some dieters lose their lives in the search for a beautiful body. The stomach staple is another dieting tool that dieters try. The staple yields a large weight loss, but the dieter endangers her health because of excess loss of body fluids. The "fad dieter" is always listening for the newest cure on the dieting market. A wedding or a prom is a common reason for a someone to decide...

Of Mice And Men And Social Characters Essay

In this essay I will examine three characters that can be considered as social misfits. I will talk about crooks, lennie and Curley’s wife as my three social characters. The reason that I have chosen these characters is because, Lennie is simple minded, crooks is black and Curley’s wife is a woman, these reasons will explain why each of these characters doesn’t fit into the environment. I will explain why Steinbeck has included the above characters in the novel. At last I will finish my essay by giving my conclusion. I have chosen crooks as a social misfit because he is the only black man on the ranch and back in the 1930’s, black people were treated differently to white people because of their skin colour. In my opinion crooks is a lonely person because again he is black, no one wants to talk to him or play card with him because he is black. â€Å"They play cards in there and I can’t play because I’m black!† Generally the level of the racism is so high. For instance, different characters have said a word â€Å"nigger† several times throughout the novel and this in my opinion is very racist towards black people. â€Å"If I say something, why it’s just a nigger talking†. Every one judges him by looking at his skin colour but he is possibly the most intelligent man on the ranch because he can read. â€Å"He had books too, California civil code for 1905†. With this knowledge he is discriminated and has to sleep alone behind the stables. Steinbeck has included crooks in this novel because he wanted to demonstrate how black people were treated differently. Not because white people don’t like black people’s personality, no; it’s just because of their skin colour. Crook is one of those fortunate black men who are very talented but he can’t fit into the environment because of his skin colour. I have chosen Lennie as one of my social misfit character because he in fact is mentally disabled. Lennie’s brain can only think about rabbits or mice, â€Å"don’t you think of nothing but rabbits.† He is very different to other characters because they can have serious conversations but Lennie can’t, but if he wants to talk to people he will either talk about tending rabbits or their dream of having a small farm, â€Å"the rabbits that we’re gonna get, and I get to tend them.† Lennie’s mind is just like a child because he only thinks about tending rabbits like a child would do, â€Å"I remember about tending rabbits George.† â€Å"Don’t you think of nothing but rabbits?† Steinbeck has include Lennie in this novel to show some of the Americans were narrow minded and most of them where uneducated. Curley’s wife can be considered as one of my social misfit characters because she is the only woman on the ranch. Steinbeck is trying to demonstrate about a woman back in 1930s, and how they were treated. You can see Curley’s wife was treated as a sexual object. For example, she is sometimes called a â€Å"tart† by the man or she couldn’t talk to any one except Curley, â€Å"you can talk to people, but I can’t talk to nobody but Curley .else he gets mad.† I personally feel sorry for Curley’s wife because she was not allowed to talk to any one except her husband and in my opinion she is a very lonely person. Curley’s wife and crooks are quite similar. No one wants to talk to crooks because he is black, no one wants to talk to Curley’s wife because she is a woman and in those day’s women’s and black people were treated differently so both of them were abused because of what they are. In my opinion Steinbeck has include Curley’s wife in the novel of mice and men because he wanted to demonstrate the position of the women and how they were treated. I think in 1930s there were fewer women in America than men’s in and those women’s were viewed as a sexual object by men’s. My conclusion is that every one of these three characters can be considered as a social misfit but in my opinion crooks is more likely not to be fit into the environment because he is black and in 1930s there were few black people in community in America. Crooks can’t have a conversation with people because he has a coloured skin that’s why he is very lonely. In my opinion it would have been boring if everyone on the ranch was white. By putting crooks in this novel everyone can see that black community weren’t in demand as white community.

Using the Spanish Auxiliary Verb Haber for the Perfect Tenses

Using the Spanish Auxiliary Verb Haber for the Perfect Tenses Just by learning the conjugation of one verb, you can vastly increase the verb tenses and forms you have available in Spanish. It may come as no surprise that the verb is haber, which is translated as the auxiliary verb to have. As an auxiliary verb, haber in Spanish and to have in English are used to form the perfect tenses. Perfect Tenses Used for Completed Actions No, they arent called the perfect tenses because theyre better than the others. But one meaning of perfect, one we dont see very often today outside of literature, is complete. The perfect verb tenses, then, refer to completed actions (although they arent the only way of referring to completed actions). Contrast two ways of referring to something that happened in the past: He salido (I have left) and estaba saliendo (I was leaving). In the first instance, it is clear that the act described by the verb is completed; its something that was over at a specific time. But in the second case, there is no indication when the departure was completed; in fact, the act of leaving still could be occurring. In both English and Spanish, the perfect tenses are formed by using a form of the verb haber or to have followed by the past participle (el participio in Spanish). In English, the participle typically is formed by adding -ed to verbs; the Spanish participle, which has origins related to the English participle, typically is formed by using the ending of -ado for -ar verbs and -ido for -er and -ir verbs. Numerous irregular forms, such as seen and visto, exist in both languages. Types of Perfect Tenses The tense of the resulting verb depends on which tense of haber is used. Use the present tense of haber to create the present perfect tense, the future tense to create the future perfect tense, and so on. Here are examples of the various tenses using haber salido (to have left) in the first-person singular and unconjugated forms. Present perfect indicative: He salido. I have left.Past perfect indicative (pluperfect): Habà ­a salido. I had left.Preterite perfect indicative: Hube salido. I had left.Future perfect indicative: Habrà © salido. I will have left.Conditional perfect indicative: Habrà ­a salido. I would have left.Present perfect subjunctive: (que) haya salido. (that) I have left.Past perfect subjunctive: (que) hubiera salido. (that) I had left.Perfect infinitive: haber salido (to have left)Perfect gerund: habiendo salido (having left) Note that the preterite perfect indicative tense isnt used much in speech or modern writing. Youre most likely to find it in literature. Note also that when standing alone, the subjunctive forms are indistinguishable in English from the indicative forms. In Spanish, the structure of the sentence, not how the verb is translated into English, will determine when the subjunctive is used. See the lessons on the subjunctive mood for more information on this verb mood. Sample Sentences Using the Perfect Tenses Here are some more involved sample sentences that you can examine to see how the perfect tenses are used. You will notice that they generally are used like the same tenses in English. He comprado un coche nuevo pero no puedo manejarlo. (I have bought a new car but I cant drive it. Present perfect indicative.)El traficante de armas no habà ­a leà ­do a Shakespeare. (The arms trafficker had not read Shakespeare. Past perfect indicative)Si yo hubiera hecho esa pelà ­cula  ¡los crà ­ticos me habrà ­an comido vivo! (If I had made that film, the critics would have eaten me alive! Past perfect subjunctive.)Hoy estoy aquà ­; maà ±ana me habrà © ido. (I am here today; tomorrow I will have gone. Future perfect.)No creo que hayan ganado los Rams. (I dont believe the Rams have won. Present perfect subjunctive.)Querà ­amos que hubieran comido. We wanted them to have eaten. Past perfect subjunctive.)Para morirse bien es importante haber vivido bien. (In order die well it is important to have lived well. Perfect infinitive.)Habiendo visto Bogot en pantalla cientos de veces, creo que nada va a sorprenderme. (Having seen Bogota on a screen hundreds of times, I think not hing is going to surprise me. Perfect gerund.) Key Takeaways Haber is an common auxiliary verb in Spanish that functions as the equivalent of the English have as an auxiliary verb.Haber forms the perfect tenses, which are used similar to the perfect tenses of English and indicate that an action has or will be completed.Perfect tenses can be used in Spanish for the past, present, and future in both the indicative and subjunctive moods.

Responses of Children with Chronically Ill Siblings Essay Example

Responses of Children with Chronically Ill Siblings Essay Example Responses of Children with Chronically Ill Siblings Paper Responses of Children with Chronically Ill Siblings Paper Chronic illness to any of the member of the family actually affects the whole family. And when a child diagnosed is diagnosed with a chronic illness, it has its effect not only on the suffering child but the entire family as a whole which includes his/her siblings. Though the children in most of the cases have been found to adapt their siblings’ chronic illness but the complete picture indicates that they have to experience stress and psychological problems (Association for Children with Disability, 2003). They have to suffer changes in the form of various aspects of life beginning with relationship with their parents in form of both quantity and quality, especially the mother who is so much preoccupied with ill child that there occurs an unintentional negligence in the amount of support to be provided to the other children (Cloues, 2006). The family being a system tends to maintain a sense of stability while resisting forces or changes that could cause a disruption to this stability. Chronic illness to a member especially child is a major disruption of family with stability being the first victim with later effects on other children (Cloues, 2006). In the United States, number of children suffering from chronic illness ranges between 4 and 7 million and about one-half to one million of them are actually patients of severe chronic childhood disability (Newacheck Halfon, 1998; Patterson, 1988). The extremely high variation of data makes way for something between 5% and 40% of children suffer from a chronic illness (Newacheck Halfon, 1998; Perrin MacLean, 1988). The variation itself is a proof of underestimation and the actual number might be much higher if we go along with the definition by P. D. Williams (1997), according to which â€Å"chronic illness is an ailment with a duration of 6 months or longer showing little change or slow progression† (p. 132). With the presence of a child with some chronic illness, the circumstance under which the family grows is quite unfamiliar. In the solution phase while coping with the problem, a process of change begun within the family with varying emotional responses effecting considerable sibling adjustment to manage the influx of strong and conflicting emotions (Association for Children with Disability, 2003). Background A siblings response to growing up in a family that has a child with a disability needs to be understood in their context of their stage of development. Children respond to the events of day-to-day life based on their stage of physical, mental and emotional development. Children learn from their environment and through their relationship with their parents and siblings. The sibling relationship, which is life long, has an important influence on the development of a persons identity. In later life, it can be a source of mutual support, depending on the quality of the early relationship. C. Purpose D. Research Question II. Review of the Literature III. Methodology Quantitative Reviews of the Literature A recent methodological advance to resolve discrepant findings across studies is meta-analysis. This quantitative review strategy is employed to assess factors both substantive and methodological that produce inconsistencies across studies (Schmidt, 1992). Howe (1993) employed a vote-count meta analysis strategy to review 21 studies with control groups or normative reference groups that examined siblings of children with chronic illness. A vote count meta-analysis is a simple tabulation of studies by their outcomes. Howe concluded that siblings of children with a chronic illness were at higher risk than other children for psychological problems, that neurological conditions produced more negative effects than nonneurological conditions, and that negative effects were most often manifested as internalizing behaviors. Summers, White, and Summers (1994) conducted a vote-count meta-analysis of 13 studies of siblings of children with a chronic illness or an intellectual disability. These 13 studies were assessed for their methodological quality and research methodology, and study results were categorized as positive, negative, or nonsignificant. These researchers concluded that being the sibling of a child with a disability had both negative and positive consequences, that parent surveys and direct observation generated more negative findings than child self-reports, and that higher quality studies found fewer differences between siblings and comparison samples. Like Howe’s (1993) review of the literature, the Summers et al. meta-analysis was constrained by the limitations to the vote-count review strategy: no estimation of effect size magnitude, no consideration of sample size, and no mechanism for evaluating systematically the impact of moderator variables. A recent meta-analysis of 25 studies and 79 effect sizes from the literature on the siblings of individuals with intellectual disabilities (Rossiter Sharpe, 2001) revealed a small negative effect for having a sibling with an intellectual disability that could not be attributed to a publication bias or some other artifact. This negative effect was most pronounced for measures of psychological functioning, especially depression, and adult reports versus child self reports. This meta-analysis pertains to the siblings of children with a chronic illness. Based on the findings from traditional literature reviews and the vote count meta-analyses, a negative effect was anticipated for having a sibling with a chronic illness. A number of hypotheses based on methodological and substantive issues were then derived. Methodological Issues. The first methodological hypothesis was that studies published more recently would show fewer negative and more positive outcomes than earlier studies. Lamorey (1999) observed more recent studies to show fewer negative effects and more variation in outcomes. A second methodological hypothesis was that more negative effects would be found for parental reports than sibling self reports (Summers et al. , 1994). The third methodological hypothesis was that studies employing normative data for comparison to the sibling samples would produce negative effects of greater magnitude than found for studies that employed matched control groups (Lavigne Faier-Routman, 1992). Substantive Issues. A number of hypotheses were also made that related to substantive variables. First, a larger negative effect was expected for internalizing over externalizing behaviors. Howe (1993) found four of eleven studies of siblings of children with chronic illness showed a negative effect for internalizing behavior compared to only one of eight studies for externalizing behaviors. Second, sibling outcomes were anticipated to vary by the chronic disease and its features. One view is many chronic conditions of childhood produce similar psychological and behavioral effects (Vessey Mebane, 2000). Childhood chronic illnesses, however, vary on dimensions such as etiology, age of onset, impact on functioning, and prognosis (see Lobato, Faust, Spirito, 1988). More severe chronic illnesses place greater restrictions on the child’s activities (Newacheck Taylor, 1992), and perhaps greater demands on parents, siblings, the family system, and the community (Patterson, 1988). Third, the interaction of sibling gender and birth order was considered (Howe, 1993; Williams, 1997). Method Fifty published studies from 1976 to 2000, representing over twenty-five hundred siblings of children with chronic illness, were identified from computer searches of databases such as PsycLit and MEDLINE, using key words such as â€Å"siblings† and â€Å"illness,† from previous reviews of the literature and from the reference sections of located studies. Excluded from the meta-analysis were case studies, nonempirical or qualitative studies, or studies without an appropriate comparison group or normative data. Studies were also excluded that evaluated the reactions of healthy siblings to the illness or death of a brother or sister or pertained to the adult siblings of individuals with a chronic illness. Studies that employed no comparison group but that provided normative data were included in this meta-analysis. Unpublished studies were not sought for inclusion in this meta-analysis. First, it is almost impossible to collect all published studies in all languages, much less all unpublished studies. Second, the peer review process for published studies serves as an albeit imperfect form of quality control. Third, there is evidence that publication bias is less serious than once feared (Sharpe, 1997). Publication bias, the socalled â€Å"file-drawer† problem, is the belief that the failure to include unpublished studies in the metaanalysis might inflate the magnitude of effect sizes, given that published studies may overrepresent statistically significant findings. To ascertain the likelihood of such a publication bias, statistical and graphical analyses of effect sizes were conducted. Studies by the same author(s) that appeared to examine the same participants (e. g. , Breslau Prabucki, 1987; Breslau, Weitzman, Messenger, 1981) were treated as a single study for the purposes of this meta-analysis. Three of the primary studies (Faux, 1991; Stawski, Averbach, Barasch, Lerner, Zimin, 1997; Wood et al. , 1988) provided separate data for the siblings of children with distinctly different chronic illnesses. These sub samples were treated as separate studies. In total, 51 study-level effect size statistics were evaluated. Each study was coded for method of data collection (child self-report, parent report, or direct observation), chronic illness, age of siblings, gender of siblings, number of sibling and comparison participants, and dependent measure category: psychological functioning (e. g. , Internalizing subscales of the Child Behavior Checklist), self concept (e. g. , Piers-Harris Self-Concept scale), caretaking, sibling relationship, peer activities (e. g. , Social Competence subscale of the Child Behavior Checklist), cognitive functioning (e. g. , intelligence test scores), and cognitive development (e. g. , school performance). Parent and teacher reports were combined because only five studies asked teachers to complete a dependent measure. Four of the five comparisons based on teacher reports were not statistically significant. All codings were completed by the first author and checked independently by the second author. Disagreements were resolved by discussion. Effect Size Calculations. An effect size statistic d (Hedges Olkin, 1985) was calculated for each relevant outcome by subtracting the mean score for comparison participants from the mean score for siblings with a chronic illness and by dividing that sum by a pooled standard deviation. Normative data provided by the primary authors in the published studies were substituted for data from comparison participants when the latter were not provided. If means and standard deviations were not reported, effect sizes were calculated from summary statistics (e. g. , t statistics, p values) by employing the metaanalysis software package D-Stat (Johnson, 1989). Effect sizes were weighted by the reciprocal of their variance as recommended by Hedges and Olkin (1985). When no data were reported in a primary study but the difference between the sibling and comparison groups was said to be nonsignificant, an effect size of zero was recorded. For all analyses, negative effect sizes reflect less positive functioning for siblings of children with a chronic illness relative to comparison children or normative data. Effect sizes from the same study, chronic illness, dependent measure category, and method of data collection were combined and averaged. The resulting set of 103 outcome-level effect sizes was evaluated for their statistical significance (95% confidence interval around zero) and their homogeneity (Hedges Olkin, 1985). The effect sizes from the 51 studies were also examined where appropriate to do so. The overall test for homogeneity (QT) assesses whether a set of effect sizes is internally consistent. For most meta-analyses, homogeneity of the set of effect sizes is not achieved without some combination of outlier analysis and partitioning of effect sizes into smaller clusters on the basis of moderator variables. The identification and removal of outliers are appropriate if homogeneity can be achieved by deleting no more than 20% of the effect sizes (Hedges Olkin, 1985). Regardless of the outcome of the overall test of homogeneity, however, tests of moderator variables are justified when based on theoretical considerations (see Hall Rosenthal, 1991). After the overall test for homogeneity, effect size clusters were created on the basis of moderator variables (e. g. , method of data collection). The homogeneity of effect sizes within clusters (QW) and differences between mean effect sizes across clusters (QB) were calculated. A significant QB value implies differences in the mean effect sizes associated with the effect size clusters. Interpretation of such an outcome is less clear if there are significant differences in effect sizes within one or more clusters (the QW statistic for each cluster). When moderator variables were continuous (e. g. , sample size), correlations between effect sizes and the moderator variables were calculated. Results The results are divided into three sections. The first section reports on tests of effect sizes: tests of the magnitude of mean effect sizes, tests for publication bias, and tests of homogeneity of effect sizes. The second section examines the role of methodological moderator variables, specifically, year of publication, method of data collection, and comparison group versus normative data. The third section considers substantive moderator variables, specifically, categories of dependent measures, differences by chronic illness, and effects of gender, birth order, and age of sibling.

The Country of Jordan - Facts and History

The Country of Jordan - Facts and History The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is a stable oasis in the Middle East, and its government often plays the role of mediator between neighboring countries and factions.   Jordan came into being in the 20th century as part of the French and British division of the Arabian Peninsula; Jordan became a British Mandate under the UNs approval until 1946, when it became independent. Capital and Major Cities Capital:   Amman, population 2.5 million Major cities: Az Zarqa, 1.65 million Irbid, 650,000 Ar Ramtha, 120,000 Al Karak, 109,000 Government The Kingdom of Jordan is a constitutional monarchy under the rule of King Abdullah II.   He serves as the chief executive and the commander-in-chief of Jordans armed forces.   The king also appoints all 60 members of one of the two houses of Parliament, the Majlis al-Aayan or Assembly of Notables. The other house of Parliament, the Majlis al-Nuwaab or Chamber of Deputies, has 120 members who are directly elected by the people.   Jordan has a multi-party system, although the majority of politicians run as independents.   By law, political parties can not be based on religion. Jordans court system is independent of the king, and includes a supreme court called the Court of Cassation, as well as several Courts of Appeal.   The lower courts are divided by the types of cases they hear into civil and sharia courts.   Civil courts decide criminal matters as well as some types of civil cases, including those that involve parties from different religions.   Sharia courts have jurisdiction over Muslim citizens only and hear cases involving marriage, divorce, inheritance, and charitable giving (waqf). Population The population of Jordan is estimated at 6.5 million as of 2012.   As a relatively stable part of a chaotic region, Jordan plays host to enormous numbers of refugees, as well.   Almost 2 million Palestinian refugees live in Jordan, many since 1948, and more than 300,000 of them still live in refugee camps.   They have been joined by some 15,000 Lebanese, 700,000 Iraqis, and most recently, 500,000 Syrians. About 98% of Jordanians are Arabs, with small populations of Circassians, Armenians, and Kurds making up the remaining 2%.   Approximately 83% of the population lives in urban areas.   The population growth rate is a very modest 0.14% as of 2013. Languages Jordans official language is Arabic.   English is the most commonly used second language  and is widely spoken by middle and upper-class Jordanians. Religion Approximately 92% of Jordanians are Sunni Muslim, and Islam is the official religion of Jordan.   This number has rapidly increased over recent decades, as Christians formed 30% of the population as recently as 1950.   Today, just 6% of Jordanians are Christians - mostly Greek Orthodox, with smaller communities from other Orthodox churches.   The remaining 2% of the population are mostly Bahai or Druze. Geography Jordan has a total area of 89,342 square kilometers (34,495 square miles)  and is not quite landlocked.   Its only port city is Aqaba, situated on the narrow Gulf of Aqaba, which empties into the Red Sea.   Jordans coastline stretches just 26 kilometers, or 16 miles. To the south and east, Jordan borders on Saudi Arabia.   To the west is Israel and the Palestinian West Bank.   On the northern border sits Syria, while to the east is Iraq. Eastern Jordan is characterized by desert terrain, dotted with oases.   The western highland area is more suitable for agriculture  and boasts a Mediterranean climate and evergreen forests.   The highest point in Jordan is Jabal Umm al Dami, at 1,854 meters (6,083 feet) above sea level.   The lowest is the Dead Sea, at -420 meters (-1,378 feet). Climate The climate shades from Mediterranean to desert moving west to east across Jordan.   In the northwest, an average of about 500 mm (20 inches) or rain falls per year, while in the east the average is just 120 mm (4.7 inches).   Most of the precipitation falls between November and April  and may include snow at higher elevations. The highest recorded temperature in Amman, Jordan was 41.7 degrees Celsius (107 Fahrenheit).   The lowest was -5 degrees Celsius (23 Fahrenheit). Economy The World Bank labels Jordan an upper middle-income country, and its economy has grown slowly but steadily at about 2 to 4% per year over the past decade.   The kingdom has a small, struggling agricultural and industrial base, due in large part to its shortages of fresh water and oil.   Jordans per capita income is $6,100 US.   Its official unemployment rate is 12.5%, although the youth unemployment rate is closer to 30%.   Approximately 14% of Jordanians live below the poverty line. The government employs up to two-thirds of the Jordanian workforce, although King Abdullah has moved to privatize industry.   About 77% of Jordans workers are employed in the service sector, including trade and finance, transportation, public utilities, etc.   Tourism at sites such as the famous city of Petra accounts for about 12% of Jordans gross domestic product. Jordan hopes to improve its economic situation in coming years by bring four nuclear power plants on-line, which will reduce expensive diesel imports from Saudi Arabia, and by beginning to exploit its oil-shale reserves.   In the meanwhile, it relies on foreign aid. Jordans currency is the dinar, which has an exchange rate of 1 dinar 1.41 USD. History Archaeological evidence shows that humans have lived in what is now Jordan for at least 90,000 years.   This evidence includes Paleolithic tools such as knives, hand-axes, and scrapers made of flint and basalt. Jordan is part of the Fertile Crescent, one of the world regions were agriculture likely originated during the Neolithic period (8,500 - 4,500 BCE).   People in the area likely domesticated grains, peas, lentils, goats, and later cats to protect their stored food from rodents.   Jordans written history begins in Biblical times, with the kingdoms of Ammon, Moab, and Edom, which are mentioned in the Old Testament.   The Roman Empire conquered much of what is now Jordan, even taking in 103 CE the powerful trading kingdom of the Nabateans, whose capital was the intricately carved city of Petra. After the Prophet Muhammad died, the first Muslim dynasty created the Umayyad Empire (661 - 750 CE), which included what is now Jordan.   Amman became a major provincial city in the Umayyad region called Al-Urdun, or Jordan.   When the Abbasid Empire (750 - 1258) moved its capital away from Damascus to Baghdad, to be closer to the center of their expanding empire, Jordan fell into obscurity. The Mongols brought down the Abbasid Caliphate in 1258, and Jordan came under their rule.   They were followed by the Crusaders, the Ayyubids, and the Mamluks in turn.   In 1517, Ottoman Empire conquered what is now Jordan. Under Ottoman rule, Jordan enjoyed benign neglect.   Functionally, local Arab governors ruled the region with little interference from Istanbul.   This continued for four centuries  until the Ottoman Empire fell in 1922 after its defeat in World War I.   When the Ottoman Empire collapsed, the League of Nations assumed a mandate over its Middle Eastern territories.   Britain and France agreed to divide up the region, as the mandatory powers, with France taking Syria and Lebanon, and Britain taking Palestine (which included Transjordan).   In 1922, Britain assigned a Hashemite lord, Abdullah I, to govern Transjordan; his brother Faisal was appointed king of Syria, and later was moved to Iraq.   King Abdullah acquired a country with only about 200,000 citizens, approximately half of them nomadic.   On May 22, 1946, the United Nations abolished the mandate for Transjordan and it became a sovereign state.   Transjordan officially opposed the partition of Palestine and creation of Israel two years later, and joined in the 1948 Arab/Israeli War.   Israel prevailed, and the first of several floods of Palestinian refugees moved into Jordan. In 1950, Jordan annexed the West Bank and East Jerusalem, a move that most other nations refused to recognize.   The following year, a Palestinian assassin killed King Abdullah I during a visit to the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem.   The assassin was angry about Abdullahs land-grab of the Palestinian West Bank. A brief stint by Abdullahs mentally unstable son, Talal, was followed by the ascension of Abdullahs 18-year-old grandson to the throne in 1953.   The new king, Hussein, embarked on an experiment with liberalism, with a new constitution that guaranteed freedoms of speech, the press, and assembly.   In May of 1967, Jordan signed a mutual defense treaty with Egypt.   One month later, Israel obliterated the Egyptian, Syrian, Iraqi, and Jordanian militaries in the Six-Day War, and took the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan.   A second, larger wave of Palestinian refugees rushed into Jordan.   Soon, Palestinian militants (fedayeen) began causing trouble for their host-country, even highjacking three international flights and forcing them to land in Jordan.   In September of 1970, the Jordanian military launched an attack on the fedayeen; Syrian tanks invaded northern Jordan in support of the militants.   In July  1971, the Jordanians defeated the Syrians and fedayeen, driving them across the border. Just two years later, Jordan sent an army brigade to Syria to help fend off the Israeli counteroffensive in the Yom Kippur War (Ramadan War) of 1973.   Jordan itself was not a target during that conflict.   In 1988, Jordan formally gave up its claim to the West Bank, and also announced its support for the Palestinians in their First Intifada against Israel. During the First Gulf War (1990 - 1991), Jordan supported Saddam Hussein, which caused a break-down of US/Jordanian relations.   The US withdrew aid from Jordan, causing economic distress.   To get back in international good graces, in 1994 Jordan signed a peace treaty with Israel, ending almost 50 years of declared war. In 1999, King Hussein died of lymphatic cancer  and was succeeded by his eldest son, who became King Abdullah II.   Under Abdullah, Jordan has followed a policy of non-entanglement with its volatile neighbors  and endured further influxes of refugees.

What is the most convincing ethical system Why Research Paper

What is the most convincing ethical system Why - Research Paper Example A person can select the option that is best for him or her. The best should be according to the person in hand, how he admits what he wants and desires and also what is important to him. When a person identifies what is best for him, and then comes the premise of the most convincing ethical system he should dwell in (Bishop, 2000). If we perceive capitalism to be the most convincing ethical system or the institute of ethics then we first have to define what capitalism is. It is theory of the law. It is that theory of law that constitutes of description of property rights of an individual. This means to determine and avert the conflicts. Conflicts arouse when human beings make irreconcilable decisions about some of the resources that are used in ways proposed most of the times. This Theory of Law relies on the acknowledgment that individual actions are based on the decisions made by individuals and they are brought together by sense of responsibility (Kristol, 1978). Most of the resou rces are spent on the decisions that individuals make. The person who finally decides fate or use of a resource possesses the resource in actuality. Future conflicts regarding conflicts can be prevented by determining who has the authority to make decisions about the resources and who can legally hold it. Capitalism is therefore about recognizing the potentially disrupted resource an owner or proprietor can have. It’s the only way out to avoid the conflicts about future and determines who will get the resource in the end. To avoid the future conflicts about the resources and who will take what decision is about who is the lawful owner of resources. Therefore, capitalism is based upon recognizing owner and proprietor (Bishop, 2000). The ownership of resources is not subjective to anything in the realm of capitalism. Considering the ethical inferences of capitalism, it is highly advisable to unbalance the model of theoretical capitalism from the history of human civilization wi th the idea of emphasizing the significance of one’s freedom. This is the way that laissez-faire and free-market capitalism exist in market and also the perfect model of human society which ceases a difficult task for native Romans and Greeks and also the medieval kings. But, capitalism reassumes democracy as its highlight. The most basic form of economy and government is capitalism in its democratic form (Kristol, 1978). The possession of individual rights is the basic form of capitalism and everyone should have a free will in capitalism. It is known for giving autonomy to individuals on the basis of property rights, and freedom upon one’s own mind, body, and the spirit. Therefore, the everlasting rule of capitalism is that natural resources should be used by human beings free of will. Human beings are free to practice their rights until they don’t intervene in others’ rights. The historical theory of Karl Marx materialism is to try to impose laissez-fai re in medieval rulers which is not right jurisdiction of this presumption. If laissez-faire depends on development in history, how it is the best form of human civilization. These ideas dwindle in the mind of one as one pertains to think about comparison of contemporary capitalism from the pre-historic capitalism (Bishop, 2000). But, with powers comes responsibility. It is the ethical responsibility of an individual to have the freedom of recognizing the outcomes of such decisions. Therefore, all the creators receive what they make, regardless of the negatively or positivity of such object. Considering this justification, destroyers are solely responsible for the things they

Biographical research paper on J.K Rowling Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Biographical on J.K Rowling - Research Paper Example Philip Nel stated that, â€Å"Both Anne and Peter Rowling loved reading, read to their children, and by the time she was six, Joanne began inventing stories which she told to her younger sister† (Nel, 8). Besides, her close relationship with her sister forced her to play the role of a guardian who is free to create stories to impress her sister. William Compson stated that, â€Å"Rowling says that from a very young age, as soon as she was old enough to realize that people actually wrote books (as opposed to books simply magically appearing), she decided that she wanted to be a writer† (Compson, 14). Rowling collected the raw materials for her future authorship from her childhood and teen-age. Still, she did not neglect the importance of reading in her life. Victoria Peterson-Hilleque stated that, â€Å"Joanne excelled in many languages during her course of study† (Peterson-Hilleque, 23). On the other side, she knew that academic education can help her to pursue a university degree and career, but the same cannot fulfil her personal interest. The author made clear that, â€Å"Although Joanne had a university degree and plenty of teaching experience, she was unable to find a job† (Mattern 41). So, she tried to balance her life between academic education and literary interest. In short, her life before aut horship was a preparatory stage for the future success within the context of literature. Rowling is basically from the countryside of England, named as Yate. Besides, her father (say, P J Rowling) was an Aircraft Engineer who worked at Rolls-Royce Company. Similarly, her mother (say, Anne Rowling) was interested in science and was a science technician by profession. Robert P. Merges stated that, â€Å"Ms. Rowling came from a middle-class family of professionals† (Merges, 133). So, one can see that Rowling family belonged to the middle class society in England, and she was born in the year

Norms and Roles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Norms and Roles - Assignment Example Make things together and sort out is mostly what I did. Haolin is ISTJ style person; he and I also have one type different. Thinking types use reason and logic to handle problems, but feeling types rely on their personal values and emotions. During this team work, when we have some different opinions in the same topic, Haolin will put his thought forward at once, but sometimes I will check the book to find the words to prove my options. Actually, because four of us have been team member for several times, when the case handed out to us, we divided our work after that, and everyone has own topic and work to do. During the several project classes, we discuss our thought about the project, and try to find one thought which our case writing followed. So I think we have no obviously conflict on the problem-solving styles. With regard to the formal roles, I mainly deal with organizing the work and ensuring that there is coherence once it is completed. This is done after they have completed their factions and are satisfied that each part has been handled exhaustively. Asin on the other hand ensures that all plans regarding what should be done and when it should be finished are in place. He sets deadlines and ensures that all work is completed within the given timeframe. Haolin is basically an overseer, who ensures that everything runs efficiently. Thus he would be quick to cite any problems and give objective solutions to these. With regard to the informal norms and roles, I am responsible for ensuring that we maintain positive relations that are essential for optimal performance. Asin on the other hand helps in sourcing for important information from the tutors as well as fellow students. According to Rob and Prusak (2002), this ensures that the work done is reflective of the social diversity and therefore comprehensive. Perhaps Haolin’s informal roles are the most rewarding to

Globalization Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Globalization Management - Assignment Example The strategies built would be product driven instead of being controlled by customer behavior and response patterns. The article, therefore, seeks to find out if success in the international market must involve development of global products. The key aspects discussed in the paper revolve around the competitive strategy created by global standardization of products. While it sounds like a good idea, the global standardization may be faced by several constraints. In one example, the globalization is hampered by differences in preference, government constraints, transport costs, tariffs and barriers to entry as well as preference of local firms. It is also quite obvious that global standardization becomes effective in a narrow range of products. The strategy may work mainly in marketing of luxury products or products whose penetration rate is similar (Wit & Meyer, 2010). This can only gain application in the developed countries where the needs of the consumers appear uniform in contras t to the developing countries. It is unfortunate that the global standardization is based on assumptions. By assuming that the needs of the customers are homogenous, planners may indulge in deriving wrong conclusions. If needs of the world were homogenous, it would be possible to satisfy the world needs. All countries would thrive at the same level of development since trade would be made easier. This is, however, not the case. The needs of the developing countries vary to a great extent to those of people in the developed counties. This would also imply all goods remain substitutable and hence reduce customer choice. Already, researchers refute the theory on homogeneity on the grounds of different lifestyles and value segments. In the United States alone, nine different value segments appear conspicuous. The assumption that customers are willing to sacrifice certain product aspects in favor of low prices lacks evidence. The trend is contrary. The assumption, that the key strategy d riving global standardization is product technology; which creates economies of scale, fails to take root. It neglects the influence brought about by automation in flexible factories, which allows them to enjoy the same economies of scale, at low outputs. The assumption also fails to take into account that the final price of a product is not determined solely by its cost of production. The assumption also neglects the ideal that competitive strategy should not be wholly product-driven. It should take into account other aspects such as advertisement and promotion. The article is elaborate on exposing the various constraints that impede global standardization. The constraints do not result only from the external environment but also emanate from the internal structure of the organization seeking expansion. It is fascinating to note that the countries advocating globalization on one hand impede it on the other through trade restriction agreements. An example is the existence of the Eur opean steel and Swiss chocolate cartels. It is difficult to comprehend how the global perspective contrasts with the global standardization. The emphasis on standardization leads a reader to believe that the development of global brands is part of a global perspective. Briefing reading 2: strategy from the inside out: building capability-creating organization The article outlines some significant disadvantages associated with following suit of what competitors are doing. This could expose a company to losses since local

International HRM PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International HRM - PowerPoint Presentation Example Other studies suggest that there are certain aspects to business organisations like technology, structure and other common practices that transcend culture and form a commonality between how businesses operate across cultures (Kerr et al, 1973 & Hickson et al, 1979 cited in Mullins, 1999). In Hofstede’s words, â€Å"effective multinationals have created practices that bridge the national value differences† (1997). This suggests that uniformity in organisational structure may in fact help the organisation create its own culture regardless of national culture differences. These common practices are what help international managers operate effectively beyond their own cultures. Identifying Cultural Differences and Prejudices: â€Å"One’s own culture provides the ‘lens’ through which we view the world; the ‘logic’ by which we order it; and the ‘grammar’ by which it makes sense† (Avruch and Black, 1991) Hofstede (1994, 199 7), argues that ethnocentrism, the behaviour where one considers their own culture to be superior over others, has no place in a world that is getting smaller due to globalisation. The same applies to management, as Evans et al (1989) suggest that managerial styles designed in one culture may not easily translate to another because of the differences in traditions and values of the management and workforce. Globalisation has increased pressure upon firms to invest across cultures to maintain their competitive advantage and to be open for new opportunities. This calls for international managers to be prepared for the challenges they may face as they venture into unknown cultures. Understanding people requires understanding their background, as their background has provided them with their culture and would help one predict their present and future behaviour (Hofstede, 1991 cited in Tulder & Zwart, 2006; Scullion and Linehan, 2005). This calls for an understanding of historical origin s of culture in terms of religious beliefs, values and norms (Hofstede and Bond, 1988). In most cases cultural traits can be identified through culture-specific literature, for example, the Holy Bible, which has historic significance in the evolution of both American and British cultures. Both cultures, argues Cleary (1991), are derived from belief in Biblical texts, which suggest an absolute truth outside of oneself, and as a consequence, one evaluates issues in terms of absolutes and fixed goals. So both Brits and Americans, or westerners in the general sense, according to Trompenaars (1993), tend to be goal oriented and tend to rely on legal contracts during business negotiations. Also, as multicultural nations, both offer a weak culture (Robbins, 2003), which is flexible to change. People in both cultures also tend to be more short-term oriented in their association with organisations. Evans et al (1989) suggest that in the west in general, â€Å"workers ‘sell’ the ir time to the company for wages and do not owe any allegiance to the company in their own time† (pg130). The Five Cultural Dimensions: Hofstede’s five dimensions of cultural values can be now applied to both cultures to better understand the challenges of cross-cultural management, and to derive suggestions for the International

Globalization Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Globalization Management - Assignment Example The strategies built would be product driven instead of being controlled by customer behavior and response patterns. The article, therefore, seeks to find out if success in the international market must involve development of global products. The key aspects discussed in the paper revolve around the competitive strategy created by global standardization of products. While it sounds like a good idea, the global standardization may be faced by several constraints. In one example, the globalization is hampered by differences in preference, government constraints, transport costs, tariffs and barriers to entry as well as preference of local firms. It is also quite obvious that global standardization becomes effective in a narrow range of products. The strategy may work mainly in marketing of luxury products or products whose penetration rate is similar (Wit & Meyer, 2010). This can only gain application in the developed countries where the needs of the consumers appear uniform in contras t to the developing countries. It is unfortunate that the global standardization is based on assumptions. By assuming that the needs of the customers are homogenous, planners may indulge in deriving wrong conclusions. If needs of the world were homogenous, it would be possible to satisfy the world needs. All countries would thrive at the same level of development since trade would be made easier. This is, however, not the case. The needs of the developing countries vary to a great extent to those of people in the developed counties. This would also imply all goods remain substitutable and hence reduce customer choice. Already, researchers refute the theory on homogeneity on the grounds of different lifestyles and value segments. In the United States alone, nine different value segments appear conspicuous. The assumption that customers are willing to sacrifice certain product aspects in favor of low prices lacks evidence. The trend is contrary. The assumption, that the key strategy d riving global standardization is product technology; which creates economies of scale, fails to take root. It neglects the influence brought about by automation in flexible factories, which allows them to enjoy the same economies of scale, at low outputs. The assumption also fails to take into account that the final price of a product is not determined solely by its cost of production. The assumption also neglects the ideal that competitive strategy should not be wholly product-driven. It should take into account other aspects such as advertisement and promotion. The article is elaborate on exposing the various constraints that impede global standardization. The constraints do not result only from the external environment but also emanate from the internal structure of the organization seeking expansion. It is fascinating to note that the countries advocating globalization on one hand impede it on the other through trade restriction agreements. An example is the existence of the Eur opean steel and Swiss chocolate cartels. It is difficult to comprehend how the global perspective contrasts with the global standardization. The emphasis on standardization leads a reader to believe that the development of global brands is part of a global perspective. Briefing reading 2: strategy from the inside out: building capability-creating organization The article outlines some significant disadvantages associated with following suit of what competitors are doing. This could expose a company to losses since local

Police Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Police - Essay Example In the case of a large-scale police box, someone is always there, so it is convenient for visitors. In contrast, each residential police box is manned by just one officer, making it possible to cover a wide area with a small number of personnel. The residential police box system is effective in rural and semi-rural areas, where there are relatively few crimes and accidents. Since officers posted at residential police boxes work and live in the same place with the ir family, they can keep in closer contact with community residents. Police boxes vary widely in size. Apart from an office area, a police box has a simple kitchen and break room for officers. A "community room", a reception room for residents, has recently been incorporated. Residential police boxes have been built as a combination of office and residence, and recently they also contain a community room in the office section. Small-size police cars are deployed at many police boxes and residential police boxes for use in pa trols and trips to and from the police station. All police boxes and residential police boxes feature a red lamp above their entrances. Many community residents feel reassured when they see this lamp, and it has become an instantly recognizable symbol for a police box or residential police box. ... Under the three-shift system in which most police box officers works, on-duty officers work from one morning to the next, but their net working hours are 16, because they receive a total of an eight-hour break over the shift. At busy police boxes such as those located in city areas, however, officers cannot take such long breaks. In contrast, a residential police box officer works eight hours a day and five days a week. However, he needs to receive residents even outside working hours if requested. Because the area of a residential police box is fairly large, door to door visits are usually undertaken simultaneously with patrols. The wife often helps her husband by, for example, receiving visitors while the husband is out . The duties of officers assigned to patrol cars are more specific, and cover mobile patrols, the arrest of offenders, and rushing to the scene of crimes and accidents, followed by initial action. They perform the ir duties in pairs, with one officer driving the vehicle, while the other keeps an eye out for suspicious persons, and engages in radio communication. Patrols are the most important duty for community police officers in that the visible presence of police officers in their uniforms prevents crimes and gives community residents sense of security. Patrols are in principle to be perfo rmed either on foot or by bicycle, because that way officers can effective ly grasp the situation and assess suspicious persons. Where the area of the police box is large, a small patrol car or motorcycle may be used. While on patrol, officers question suspicious persons and make arrests or give guidance or warnings if there is a crime or an unlawful activity. They also give guidance to traffic law violators and juvenile delinquents, take care of drunken persons

Catholic Church Essay Example for Free

Catholic Church Essay The church remains to be one of the most powerful and influential social system which affects our day to day living. As such, controversies involving church authorities have always attracted utmost social attention. Such issues are even incorporated in many literary works. One of the most esteemed literary pieces tackling church-related controversies is John Patrick Shanley’s â€Å"Doubt†, a play which yielded the Pulitzer Prize. Basically, the play presents the depressingly typical scenario of pedophile priests. However, although the story tackles an abuse scandal involving a church authority, it is important to note that the plot does not indulge in exposing amoral activities within the respected institution. Rather, it diverges from its particular plot by exploring a range of interrelated dilemmas faced by the Catholic Church. Analyzing the various themes that were vaguely discussed in the play’s plot through smart dialogues and characterizations, Doubt appears to be more than just a formula-based story mimicking a real event derived from the newspapers. On the whole, the play is more of a twisted portrayal of the hierarchy, male dominance, and conservatism that embraces the practices of the Catholic Church. Battle between the sexes and male dominance In the play, Sister Aloysius, the principal of the grade school suspects that Father Flynn has molested the first and only black student of the school. Examining these two major characters presented in the story, Doubt somehow becomes a picture of a battle between the sexes, within the grounds of the Catholic Church. Being the head of the school, Sister Aloysius supposedly has absolute power over her territory. As the principal, she is in charge of maintaining order within the school and protecting the children from harm so she is also entitled of subjecting the teachers to disciplinary actions whenever she deems fitting. However, in Father Flynn’s case, everything takes a different turn. Suspecting that something is wrong with Father Flynn’s actions, the principal does not directly call on the priest or immediately report him to a superior for questioning and punishment. Rather, Sister Aloysius chooses to confide to Sister James and narrates a somewhat similar experience that she has encountered before. Eight years ago at St. Boniface we had a priest who had to be stopped. But I had Monsignor Scully then who I could rely on,† the principal notes, stressing her need for a male ally. She further states that the situation with Father Flynn is quite different because â€Å"there is no man† that they can go to and that â€Å"men run everything†. At the end of their conversation, Sister Aloysius suggests that it is up to them to stop the peculiar Father. This proposition, along with the apparent cry for help from the naive nun and the student’s mother, only suggests that Sister Aloysius recognizes that the Church is a patriarchal system and that there is a need for women to unite and work together in order to expose a priest’s wrongdoing. During the confrontation of Father Flynn and Sister Aloysius, it is also obvious that the priest recognizes the male dominance within the church. When the principal tells him that she has sought the assistance of other parishes that the priest has served before, the fuming father states that despite the authority she holds over the school, she is still a member of the religious order, so she should be obedient to her superiors – who were men, of course. As anticipated, the priest brings himself to an untouchable position, between Sister Aloysius and the Monsignor, simply using his gender as the basis for the claimed authority. Furthermore, the end result of the confrontation – the transfer of Father Flynn to another parish, and his promotion as a parish priest only proves that the fear of Sister Aloysius and the haughtiness of the priest in question are well-substantiated. A Conservative Church vs. the Liberal Ways Based on the idea that the church is patriarchal and that male superiors often turn a blind eye to the wrong doing of priests, it somehow appears that Sister Aloysius is the protagonist and that Father Flynn is the unobvious antagonist. However, taking into account the conservative versus liberal scenario also embodied by the two major characters, it seems that there is more to the story than an outcry against a patriarchal system. In the play, it is clear that Sister Aloysius is the embodiment of the traditional and conservative church. She represents the old ways – inflexible, definite, and authoritarian. She is not fond of those who, like Father Flynn, attempt to be different and applies their distinctiveness in the way they preach and interact with the parishioners. In stark contrast with the nun’s character is the witty and playful Father Flynn who is fond of hugging his students, making jokes, and ultimately working against the principal’s idea that moral authority suggests social isolation. Assessing the clash between the two in relation to their symbolizations of the traditional versus the liberal, it seems that the principal’s suspicions are largely a product of her attempt to restore order in her Catholic school. It may be that Sister Aloysius’ qualms are just manifestations of her anger and fear against the threat that is Father Flynn, nothing more. Conclusions: Doubts†¦. And more doubts Apart from the question of whether Father Flynn was really a child predator, the play raises many other doubts about the Catholic Church. It engages the audiences in the dilemma if they should struggle for a social structure that is impartial and unprejudiced to a certain gender. Also, the play explores the idea of whether the church should maintain the old ways, or they should just go with the flow of modernity and adopt liberal methods of preaching and relating to their parishioners. Overall, the play also touches on power play within the system, with regards to the maintenance of long practiced values like social isolation and patriarchy. Thus, it is safe to conclude that analyzing the characters and dialogues within the play, themes in the story only show that Doubt is also about church scandals, but only to the least degree. As noted by Shanley in a feature article for the Huffington Post, he wasnt interested particularly in writing about the church scandals† nor did he had the interest to write mystery novels. True to his purpose, Doubt exists to make people realize that they are indeed living in a world that’s full of doubts – doubts that are ever present even within the church that they lean upon for certainty and deliverance. Works Cited Falsini, Cathleen. â€Å"Beyond The Shadow of a Doubt. † Huffington Post. 2003. 24 July 2009. http://www. huffingtonpost. com/cathleen-falsani/beyond-the-shadow-of-a-do_b_150496. html Shanley, John Patrick. â€Å"Doubt†

An analysis of the Feminization of War

An analysis of the Feminization of War Throughout history, women have found ways to interject themselves into combat roles, whether openly or undercover. Stories about women serving in combat roles during the American Revolution and the Civil War have spread to groups who support the idea of including women in such roles. However, a womans traditional role during war has been to hold things together back home while the men were responsible for defending the nation. During the turn of the 20th century, the roles for women changed dramatically when it comes to the military. Some 33,000 women served in the US armed forces during World War I, most in the Nurse Corps; more than ten times that number served during World War II (Field). Additionally, women fulfilled roles in manufacturing plants that produced the equipment vital to the war effort. Recently, women have been indirectly attached to combat ground troops where they have been placed in a position to defend themselves from enemy combatants when necessary. Female vetera ns such as Catherine Ross feels, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦she faced the same dangers as her male colleaguesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦why arent women allowed to serve in full combat roles in the American army (Horn). Supporters make a very convincing argument for overturning the current exemption prohibiting women from serving in direct combat roles. However, Elaine Donnelly from the National Review believes otherwise. She states, Civil affairs, even in a combat zone, does not fit the definition of direct ground combat: deliberate offensive action, attacking the enemy under fire à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Rose has therefore not actually experienced the role she is advocating for her fellow women (Horn). The assertions that other countries have overcome the problem of allowing women in combat roles have been taken out of context when the details are studied thoroughly. Israel is a country that is frequently mentioned when debating whether women should fulfill combat roles. Dorian de Wind of the Moderate Voice states, The Israeli military have actively recruited women since the start of the Israeli state in 1948, and now allow women to serve in any role that men may (Horn). However, there are reports that contradict this statement. No Israeli woman has served in combat since the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948 (Van Creveld). The people of Israel, including feminist groups, have any objections to this situation (Dougherty). So the question remains, Should women be allowed to fulfill full combat roles within the United States military? The answer should be unequivocally NO! Women are physically incapable to handle the rigors of war, will cause a break-down in unit cohesion, and to be honest, Americans are not truly ready to see large numbers of young women returning home in body bags. The first major problem deals with the physical capabilities of the average woman entering the military. When in a combat situation, each member of the team will need to be able to pull their load, many times without the assistance from anyone else. One critic states, Women on average do not have the physical capability to lift a fully loaded male soldier who has been wounded under fire, in order to save his life. No one should have to die because women do not [have the capability] (Horn). Time is of the essence when in battle, and when a soldiers life is at stake, the unit will need capable individuals to carry-out the duties and responsibilities required to bring everyone home safe from a dangerous mission. Most women lack those very important skills crucial to combat. Some may argue to include those women who may be considered capable, but that will not be the correct answer due mostly to the difference in physical training standards. Proponents say, There are no current tests that specifically measure the physical skills required for each military occupation specialty the only way to test this is have the soldiers simply go out and perform their task. The goal is to create these gender-blind specific tests that more accurately predict a soldiers success in combat (Willens). The promotion of such tests will be disastrous in the end. To merely, test a soldier on how well he or she carries a gun is a far cry from the unpredictability of an intense combat situation. There is no way to predict each and every task that maybe required of a soldier when a combat situation arises; therefore, the task test for every specialty would only be beneficial to those specialties while in peace time conditions and would be thrown out in combat. As of now, men and women are held to two different standards. Men are required to do more, physically, than their female counterparts. Another critic states, If women were held to the same standards as men, more than 14 percent of our armed forces would not be women. Feminists aver that scrapping the double standard would be discriminatory (Kirkwood). These remarks speak for themselves. Everywhere in society, the physical standards differ between men and women. Lets consider the New York Marathon. The men and women start out at the same time and run the same course, but when it comes to finishing the race, the division begins. There is always a man that finishes the race first and shortly afterwards, the first woman crosses the finish line. When the top participants are identified, they are split between the top man and the top woman. If this split does not occur, the top performing woman would never be recognized even though she may have finished before hundreds of male participants . Proponents, deep down inside, recognize there are strength differences between male and female, and really do not want to push for the physical standards to match. Besides, the strongest woman is usually only as strong as the weakest man (Kirkwood). Does the military want a less than capable combat force? Most logical thinking human beings would say, No! The second major problem to be discussed is the disintegration of unit cohesion within the combat team. This disintegration takes place in many forms that are also found within civilian society such as mistrust and pregnancy. Trust within the unit is paramount. One scholar states, Just the perception of unfairness is often enough to poison the atmosphere (Simons). This perception of unfairness will be experienced by both men and women. For example, certain tasks are perceived to be unfairly assigned to men due to the mixed gender environment. Leaders do not want to be on the wrong end of such an intense situation and therefore chooses men to complete the task because they would be the ones performing it in an all male environment. When this takes place, mistrust in the chain of command creeps in and starts the breakdown in cohesion. On the other hand, if the women are assigned these types of tasks, they too will feel that the leadership is treating them unfair based on gender. Where is the leadership to turn? It takes a delicate balancing act to make such a situation work. And when in combat, the leadership needs to know that each service member completely trusts their decision making ability or the whole unit is lost. Take a look at the corporate world. Women are positioned throughout the company at all levels. Even though the women are there, they are still unevenly represented at the upper levels of management. Some may ask, Why? A simple explanation may be in order. There are things that only happen to women that may or may not impact their decision. The board of directors at these companies needs to be comfortable that their team will be intact for years to come and pregnancy disrupts this plan. In the corporate environment, many women extend their maternity leave and then willingly surrender high-status positions (or resign their commissions) after giving birth in order to spend more time at home (Simons). This type of behavior would not be acceptable in a Special Forces unit. These units spend years together perfecting their communication skills and fighting techniques. A decision of this magnitude cannot be made on a whim. No one has the right to tell a woman that she cannot start a family if she chooses to do so. The unit will suffer for this decision and will make it ineffective. Therefore, all women have to be considered potentially non-deployable for some length of time (Simons). The final problem with women being assigned in combat roles is that Americans are not ready for their daughters to be brought home in body bags. During World War I and World War II (WWII), Americans accepted the fact that war produces casualties on both sides and seen it was necessary to participate in such a horrific act. However, over the past forty years, some Americans have changed their perceptions on the need for war. Statistics show that the number of casualties have drastically decreased since WWII with Vietnam combat casualties being listed at 58,209 compared to the 5624 combat deaths of the entire Global War on Terrorism (Wikipedia). Now imagine that 14 percent of the deaths during the War on Terrorism were women. It paints a grim picture to know that nearly 800 women could have been killed in combat while performing a highly dangerous job that some feminists are advocating so strongly. If this was the case, the streets would be crowded with angry parents and family members protesting the use of their daughters in such combat roles. Women are needed to play the counterbalancing role for the men in society. If society is composed of individuals who all think alike, the country would go down the path of no return. Women should be spared the carnage and cruelty of war and turning a woman into the kind of person who views such gore without blinking an eye, or who participates in the wanton killing war requires, is a step down to cultural suicide (Kirkwood). It is usually the mothers who teach the youth of America and by turning them into killing machines, Americans are essentially destroying their future because the sanity check would not be place to keep this country from becoming the war mongering state that some Americans believe it is today. Movies make the case for including women in combat roles and there are some who have fought valiantly when thrust into a kill or be killed situation. However, the few women who have encountered such activities do not constitute the total restructuring of full combat units that are performing effectively as they now stand. Maybe in the future when strength capability and unit cohesion is not a part of the equation, then women will be utilized in a more modified combat role where service members will never come into contact with enemy forces. This would be the problem assigned to the Department of Defense Warfare engineers for a solution. How would combat units fight a close quarter without seeing the enemy face-to-face? When this problem is solved, then and only then women should be allowed to become a part of fully engaged combat unit.

Tuscany & Siena Essay example -- History Historical Tuscany Europe Pap

Tuscany & Siena The central region of Tuscany includes the following provinces:? Arezzo, Grosseto, Florence, Leghorn, Lucca, Mass-Carrara, Pisa, Pistoia, and Siena.? The total area of this region is 8.877 square miles. A Chorological History of Tuscany The word Tuscany comes from the Tusci, Tuscans or Etruscans.? Etruria (their country) at one time comprised Tuscany and the northern part of Lazio.? Charlemagne occupied northern Italy in the 8th century AD, at which time the name of Tuscia or Toscana became restricted to the area.? The counts of Lucca then utilized the region as a frontier district.1 In the 10th century, the House of the Attoni of Canossa rose to power.? After this period, prosperous towns began to assert their independence; the rise of communes in Italy had begun.? In Tuscany, the first communes were Pisa, Lucca, and Pistoia, as well as Siena, Florence, and Arezzo.? After Matilda of Tuscany (a decendant of the House of the Attoni of Canossa) died in 1115, a struggle over the region ensued between the popes and the emperors.? As a result, the Tuscan cities further confirmed their independence.2 In the 12th and 13th centuries, Pisa, backed by Siena and Pistoia, was contested by Florence, Lucca, and Genoa.? After being defeated by Genoa, Florence rose to be the leading city of Tuscany.? In Florence, the standard form of Italian was being developed through the Tuscan dialect of that region.3 The Medici dynasty then ruled Florence for most of the later medieval history.? The Medici?s were the most powerful family in Italy, and had gained their wealth in banking.4? Most famous of the Medici?s is Loreno il Magnifico, or Lorenzo the Magnificent.? During his rule, he continued to support the atmospher... ...d.? p. 33. 8 Ibid.? p. 34. 9-10 Italy:? Tuscany. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica.? 15th edition.? 1992.? p. 253. 11-13 ?Ibid.? p. 253. 14-15 ?Ibid.? p. 254. 16 Jepson, Tim.? The National Geographic Traveler:? Florence & Tuscany.? Willard, Ohio:? R.R. Donnelley & Sons.? 2001.? p. 194. 17-18 Ibid.? p. 196. 19 Ibid.? p. 204. 20 Ibid.? p. 194-195. 21 Ibid.? p. 204. 22? Ibid.? p. 10. 23-24 Ibid.? p. 227. 25 Ibid.? p. 232. 26-27 Ibid.? p. 266. 28-29 Ibid.? p. 274. 30 Ibid.? p. 275. 31 Ibid.? p. 49. Additional sources of note: Bethemont, Jacques, and Jean Pelletier.? Italy:? A geographical introduction.? New York:? Longman.? 1983. Hook, Judith.? Siena:? A City and its History.? London:? Hamish Hamilton.? 1979. Schevill, Ferdinand.? Siena:? The History of a Medieval Commune.? New York, New York:? Harper.? 1937.

The Effect of Video Game Violence on Youths Essay -- Video Gaming

Does exposure to violence in video games, on TV, and in social media have an effect on those exposed to it? Are those who are underage more susceptible to any detrimental side effects from viewing these things? This has long been a topic of discussion among lawmakers, psychologists, and the scientific field as a whole. It concerns parents and community members, especially in the wake of a seeming rise in violence at school from bullying, fighting, or in the extreme cases of school shootings. Were any of these types of incidents encouraged by exposure to violence in media? For the scope of this paper I'll only be using information from a small number of experiments, and the results generated by them. There is simply too much information out there to cover it all, however interestingly there are very few long term studies on the effects of violence in media on youths that have been completed at the time of this writing. The debate over the effects of violent video games have direct correlations, and indeed many of the same arguments as were used in the debate over the safety of violent comic books for youths which occurred in the 1950's(Hall, Day, and Hall). There were concerns that the comic books would lead to a decline in morals, an upswing in violence, and a growth of lawlessness and social deterioration(Hall, Day, and Hall). There was testimony by experts in the medical field before the Senate regarding whether or not these comics should be purchasable by children, or even in eyesight of them. (Hall, Day, and Hall) Dr. Frederic Wertham, forensic psychiatrist, gave this testimony before a Senate subcommittee using many of the arguments that we see again today regarding the safety and effects of violent video games a... ...artlett, Christopher, and Christopher Rodeheffer. "Effects of Reaslism on Extended Violent and Nonviolent Video Game Play on Agressive Thoughts, Feelings, and Physiological Arousal." Agressive Behavior. 35.3 (2009): n. page. Web. 13 Feb. 2015. . Anderson, C. A.. "Violent video games: Myths, facts, and unanswered questions." American psychological association. American Psychological Association, 2003. Web. 13 Feb 2015. Greitemeyer, T, and N McLatchie. "Denying Humanness to Others: A Newly Discovered Mechanism by Which Violent Video Games Increase Aggressive Behavior ." Psychological Science. 25.5 (2011): n. page. Web. 13 Feb. 2015.

The Most Influence Person In My Life

It is believed that in our own life destiny brings us opportunites to meet different kinds of people. Each person gives us a distant. Some may even play a role to help us change ourselves. without a doubt my mother is the most powerful person in my life. My mother is a strong hard working women that never gives up on her dream. Her life inspire me with confidence and great motivition to succed in life. Most of my mother life is hardships and dedication the way she faces with them resilenty and strongly makes a role model.Unfortunately, she continues to suffer from working long hours. there were days she worked up from 10 am and worked continuosly until 9 pm. the thing that i admire about my mother she always keep in mind the postive thoughts. in spite of the hard work that se does day by day. My mother's enthusiasm for learning is most apparent in travel. I was nine years old when my family visited Greece. Every night for three weeks before the trip, my older brother Peter and I sat with my mother on her bed reading Greek myths and taking notes on the Greek Gods.Despite the fact that we were traveling with fourteen-month-old twins, we managed to be at each ruin when the site opened at sunrise. I vividly remember standing in an empty ampitheatre pretending to be an ancient tragedian, picking out my favorite sculpture in the Acropolis museum, and inserting our family into modified tales of the battle at Troy. Eight years and half a dozen passport stamps later I have come to value what I have learned on these journeys about global history, politics and culture, as well as my family and myself.While I treasure the various worlds my mother has opened to me abroad, my life has been equally transformed by what she has shown me just two miles from my house. As a ten year old, I often accompanied my mother to (name deleted), a local soup kitchen and children's center. While she attended meetings, I helped with the Summer Program by chasing children around the building a nd performing magic tricks. Having finally perfected the â€Å"floating paintbrush† trick, I began work as a full time volunteer with the five and six year old children last June.It is here that I met Jane Doe, an exceptionally strong girl with a vigor that is contagious. At the end of the summer, I decided to continue my work at (name deleted) as Jane's tutor. Although the position is often difficult, the personal rewards are beyond articulation. In the seven years since I first walked through the doors of (name deleted), I have learned not only the idea of giving to others, but also of deriving from them a sense of spirit.

In the 21st Century, How Important Is to Be Able to Read, Write and Speak English in Thailand?

At the present time, English is used widely around the world and also the most spoken official language. Being able to read, write and speak English becomes important for Thai people because of various reasons. English is used in education and in doing business. Firstly, it is important for Thai children because English is used in education. There are many sources of knowledge written in English such as textbooks or information on the internet. If Thai children can read and write English fluently, they will understand the content which is written in English. They can also express their point of view by writing down.Therefore, children will be able to access to more sources of knowledge. Nowadays, some Thai students go to study overseas. Living in a foreign country, English is very necessary since it is a language which used worldwide. Students must be able to speak English because they have to communicate with foreigners such as their classmates or their teachers. They are also requi red to read and write English in order to understand the information in textbooks and be able to finish their homework. Moreover, business opportunities for Thai people can be expanded by being able to read, write and speak English.Currently, many foreign companies are established in Thailand. They want the employees who can use English fluently. In foreign companies, they use English as an Interlingua. Companies’ employees have to interact with people in English. They have to read papers and write down everything in English as well. Thus, it is advantageous to Thai people who are able to read write and speak English. For Thai employers, if they are able to speak English, they will have an easier communication with their business counterparts without hiring employ translators.This will cut down the companies’ expenses. Employers can directly negotiate with their counterparts. They can clearly understand each other business deal. In conclusion, it can be seen that Engli sh is very essential in Thailand. English is used for educational purposes and expanding business opportunities. Therefore, Thai people should realize that the importance of being able to read, write and speak English in Thailand is very necessary. We should try harder and harder in practices these skills.

Technology Evaluation - Big Data Analytics Research Paper

Technology Evaluation - Big Data Analytics - Research Paper Example Furthermore, Sathi (2012) explains that most enormous data projects normally originate from the desire of answering specific questions relating to business operations. These questions might include on how to increase sales, effectively manage the organization's human resources, and methods of cutting organizational costs. Liebowitz (2013) therefore maintains that with the right platform of big data analytics, an organization will gain the capacity of increasing efficiency, boosting sales, improving operations, risk management, and customer service. This paper is an evaluation study plan, aimed at understanding the benefits and costs of using the technology of Big Data Analytics. In meeting the objectives of this paper, the researcher will identify the research questions that this technology aims to solve, methods used in conducting the study, the limitations, and timeline of events. As large business organizations initiate measures of improving the security system of their computer networks, a common method is being used to employ security staff, as well as establishing a central Information Technology security system (Bethlehem and Biffignandi, 2012). Business organizations have increased an emphasis on the physical security, personal safety, as well as the protection of their important critical infrastructures. This has led business organizations and higher learning institutions to develop a wide range of job titles, reporting relationships, segmented job functions, for purposes of describing how to approach the privacy of data, and protecting personal information, intellectual properties, and security of networks and computer systems (Kibert, 2012). Big Data Analytics concerns itself with analyzing enormous volumes of data, and this becomes a security issue.

American Consumer Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American Consumer Culture - Research Paper Example This leads to the many topics which arise when studying American consumer culture. One of the major impacts of American consumer culture is its association to materialism. The critics and the advocate of the American consumer culture believe that materialism, which has a close association to the culture, has the disadvantages and advantage respectively, on the economy. The realization of materialism as a major topic in American consumer culture makes it inevitable to discuss the roots of materialism and its impact throughout the American history. In his book, Lawrence Glickman asserts that consumerism has been treated as excessive materialism classified as a moral danger and a popular culture (Glickman, p. 1). Materialism refers to the act of individuals in the society stressing on the importance of the physical possession than they do to the spiritual. The major thesis statement for the article, American consumer culture causes individuals to care more about their personal possessio n than their internal well-being. Impact materialism in American history Benefits The impact of materialism is much evident in the American society where consumer culture has a strong foundation. History shows that materialism saved America from overproduction. It is true that America is one of the strongest economy in the world hence it is easy to associate it to materialism. Materialism can thrive in the economy because there is much resources to support the needs of the consumers. Consequently, materialism proves useful to American economy since the consumers have the urge of purchasing more and more allowing supply and demand to occur naturally. In chapter 5 of Lawrence volume collection, Durning asserts â€Å"materialism is caring about things and taking care of them meaning it isn’t necessarily a bad thing† (Glickman, p. 78). Durning is right owing to the present state of America which consumption drives it current economic system. Further, materialism have also contributed to the American economy being self sustaining and self regulating since the consumers are much interested in buying the products in the market. It is true that a product can only exist in the market if the consumers are willing to buy hence the benefit of materialism. History shows that after the World War I American society feared the emergence of overproduction since the consumers had no desire in buying the products . The only remedy was to train the society into being materialistic with subsequent desire to buy the products. There was need for shaping a new mentality whereby the desires of man would overshadow their needs hence the birth of materialism (Bussinessinsider, 2013). It is acknowledged that consumer culture is a very important recipe for economic growth, it make the people to perceive spending as a way of obtaining happiness and satisfaction that can be very helpful in the times of economic recession as they will continues to spend cushioning the economy f rom experiencing the pinch in a significant way. Consumer culture makes spending be a bonding experience, for example doing shopping together with the friends, peers, and age mates, it brings about a strong bonding culture (McLaren, and Torchinsky 57). Drawbacks One of the major disadvantages of materialism arising from consumer culture is its effect in causing poorer well-being. The people with high materialistic nature often appear to possess goal orientation that may ultimately impact the society negatively. Don Campbel in

Feedback from Instructor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Feedback from Instructor - Essay Example In terms of the revenue earned it is the largest software producer in the world. The products of the company are widely used in every part of the world. Company History Microsoft is one of the leading US based multinational computer technology corporations. The organization develops, produces, supports and licenses vast range of differentiated products and services related to the computer technology. The organization is considered as the largest software developing organization in terms of revenue. The organization established in the year 1975. Microsoft was founded by Paul Allen and Bill Gates. The organization was established in order to develop process and sell the Basic Interpreters. This Basic Interpreter is required for the operation of Altair 8800. The Altair 8000 was developed in the year 1980 to control the market of personal computer OS with the help of MS-DOS. In addition to this, this Altair 8800 considered as the useful element of Microsoft Windows. Microsoft Corporation ’s succeeding rise in share price and initial public offering in the year 1986 helped the organization to become one of the largest and successful software developing organization. Since 1990 Microsoft Corporation diversified its business practices. Slowly and gradually the organization started corporate acquisition to enhance significant market share growth. The organization acquired Skype Technologies in the year 2011 for 8.5 billion US dollar. This acquisition is considered as the largest acquisition of Microsoft Corporation till date. Vision and Mission Statement This part of report will determine the Mission and Vision statement of Microsoft. Mission Statement Microsoft Corporation’s value and mission is to help the businesses and people across the globe by realizing and understanding their full potential (Microsoft, 2013a). Vision Statement The vision of Microsoft Corporation is to develop innovative technology which is accessible to everybody. The developed tech nology will meet the need of the customers. Accessible technology eradicates the barriers with disability (Microsoft, 2013b). The software and innovative creation of Microsoft Corporation will enable people to take significant advantages of the capabilities. Strategic Elements of the History Bill Gates and Paul Allen are childhood friends. Both these individuals had the passion and interest in computer programming. The tried to develop a new business based on their skills in the year 1972. Bill Gates and Paul Allen established their first organization named Traf-O-Data. After effective hard work they succeeded to establish Microsoft in 1975. The organization entered in the operating system business in the year 1980. MS-DOS was developed by the organization in 1980 that solidified the dominance of Microsoft in the global technology industry. In 1984, the organization jointly developed new operating system collaborating with IBM (Ward, 2002). After this, the organization introduced Mi crosoft Windows. It is the graphical extension of MS-Dos. After successful business practices, the organization introduced Microsoft Office. This suite includes several key applications, such as MS Word, MS PowerPoint, and MS Excel etc. both Microsoft Office and Microsoft Windows dominated their representative operating years for a longer period of time. The organization expanded its product and service line into World Wide Web and Computer Networking in 1995. Successful business